Radical Cystectomy
Radical cystectomy is a surgical procedure performed to treat invasive bladder cancer that has not responded to other treatments or has high-risk features. During the procedure, the entire bladder along with surrounding lymph nodes and adjacent organs (such as prostate in men or uterus and ovaries in women) may be removed. In men, the prostate is typically removed as well. After the bladder is removed, a urinary diversion is created to allow urine to leave the body. Radical cystectomy is a complex surgery that aims to remove all cancerous tissue while preserving as much normal function and quality of life as possible. It is often combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
Radical Nephrectomy
Radical nephrectomy involves the surgical removal of the entire kidney affected by kidney cancer, along with surrounding adrenal gland and lymph nodes if necessary. It is the standard treatment for localized kidney cancer that cannot be treated with kidney-sparing surgery (partial nephrectomy). During radical nephrectomy, the surgeon may perform either open surgery or a minimally invasive approach (laparoscopic or robotic-assisted), depending on the tumor size and location. The goal of radical nephrectomy is to completely remove the cancerous kidney while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Following surgery, patients may undergo additional therapies such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
Radical Prostatectomy
Radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the entire prostate gland and surrounding tissues in men with localized prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate. The surgery may be performed through open surgery or using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery. Radical prostatectomy aims to achieve complete removal of cancerous tissue while preserving urinary continence and erectile function whenever possible. This procedure is often recommended for younger men with aggressive prostate cancer or those who prefer definitive treatment over active surveillance or radiation therapy. Adjuvant therapies such as radiation therapy or hormone therapy may be recommended based on the cancer's risk factors and pathology results to improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.